I see this quite a bit with potatoes that are not commercial 'standard' types. Usually this is due to environmental factors and the plants were stressed with heat, drought, or something like that.
Commercial types are not usually as susceptible with things like this because they breed against susceptibility for this, as tubers that look like this are usually not deemed marketable. Some older heirloom varieties, especially fingerlings, can look like this.
The trait is called a lack of apical dominance, meaning it sprouts from places other than the growing end of the tuber. Commercial tubers are bred to have apical dominance.
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